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<title>Min Chueh Chang</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Min Chueh Chang</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">The native form of this <a href="Personal_name" title="Personal name">personal name</a> is <i>Chang Min-chueh</i>. This article uses <a href="Personal_name#Western_name_order" title="Personal name">Western name order</a> when mentioning individuals.</div>

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</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Min Chueh Chang</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1908-10-10</span>)</span>October 10, 1908<br><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="L%C3%BCliang" title="Lüliang">Lüliang</a>, <a href="Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a>, China</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">June 5, 1991<span style="display:none">(1991-06-05)</span> (aged 82)<br><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="Worcester%2C_Massachusetts" title="Worcester, Massachusetts">Worcester, Massachusetts</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="Shrewsbury%2C_Massachusetts" title="Shrewsbury, Massachusetts">Shrewsbury</a>, <a href="Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, <a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">American, Chinese</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">M.C. Chang, 張明覺</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Tsinghua_University" title="Tsinghua University">Tsinghua University</a><br><a href="Fitzwilliam_College%2C_Cambridge" title="Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge">Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role"><a href="Reproductive_biologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Reproductive biologist">Reproductive biologist</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">His work in <a href="In_vitro_fertilisation" title="In vitro fertilisation"><i>in vitro</i> fertilisation</a> and the <a href="Combined_oral_contraceptive_pill" title="Combined oral contraceptive pill">combined oral contraceptive pill</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Isabelle Chang</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">3</td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><b>Min Chueh Chang</b> (<a href="Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">张明觉</span>; <a href="Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">張明覺</span>; <a href="Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Zhāng Míngjué</span></i>, October 10, 1908 – June 5, 1991), often credited as <b>M.C. Chang</b>, was a <a href="Chinese_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese American">Chinese American</a> <a href="Reproductive_biology" title="Reproductive biology">reproductive biologist</a>. His specific area of study was the <a href="Fertilisation" title="Fertilisation">fertilisation</a> process in <a href="Mammalian_reproduction" title="Mammalian reproduction">mammalian reproduction</a>. Though his career produced findings that are important and valuable to many areas in the field of fertilisation, including his work on <a href="In_vitro_fertilisation" title="In vitro fertilisation"><i>in vitro</i> fertilisation</a> which led to the first "<a href="Test_tube_baby" class="mw-redirect" title="Test tube baby">test tube baby</a>", he was best known to the world for his contribution to the development of the <a href="Combined_oral_contraceptive_pill" title="Combined oral contraceptive pill">combined oral contraceptive pill</a> at the <a href="Worcester_Foundation_for_Experimental_Biology" class="mw-redirect" title="Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology">Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education_and_private_life">Education and private life</h2></div>

<p>Chang was born on October 10, 1908, in the village of Dunhòu (敦厚), Lüliang, Shanxi, China.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His family was able to provide for him a good education, and in 1933, he obtained a <a href="Bachelor's_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">bachelor's degree</a> in <a href="Animal_psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal psychology">animal psychology</a> from <a href="Tsinghua_University" title="Tsinghua University">Tsinghua University</a> in Beijing. In 1938, Chang won a national competition and was awarded one of the few available fellowships to study abroad. He went to spend a year at the <a href="University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a> studying <a href="Agricultural_science" title="Agricultural science">agricultural science</a>, but found that the university was not to his liking due to a combination of the cold weather and a perceived bias against foreigners there.<sup id="cite_ref-NatAcad_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NatAcad-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On an invitation from Arthur Walton, Chang left the University of Edinburgh and went on to research ram <a href="Spermatozoon" title="Spermatozoon">spermatozoa</a> at <a href="Fitzwilliam_College%2C_Cambridge" title="Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge">Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With his newfound interest in <a href="Reproductive_biology" title="Reproductive biology">reproductive biology</a>, Chang immersed himself in research, working together with other scientists such as <a href="John_Hammond_FRS" class="mw-redirect" title="John Hammond FRS">John Hammond</a> and <a href="Francis_Marshall_(physiologist)" title="Francis Marshall (physiologist)">F.H.A. Marshall</a>, under the tutelage of Arthur Walton. In 1941, he was awarded a PhD in <a href="Animal_breeding" title="Animal breeding">animal breeding</a> by the University of Cambridge on his observations on the effect of testicular cooling and various hormonal treatments on the respiration, metabolism, and survival of sperm in animals.

</p><p>Chang met his wife, <a href="American-born_Chinese" title="American-born Chinese">American-born Chinese</a> Isabelle Chin Chang, in the library at <a href="Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>, shortly after he moved to the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-NatAcad_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NatAcad-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chin assumed the role of the housewife in the pair's marriage, allowing Chang to delve into his work without domestic concerns.<sup id="cite_ref-NatAcad_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NatAcad-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have two daughters and a son together – Claudia Chang Tourtellotte, head of the <a href="Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a> department at <a href="Sweet_Briar_College" title="Sweet Briar College">Sweet Briar College</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pamela O'Malley Chang, an architect, civil engineer, and sustainable design consultant<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Francis Hugh Chang, director of health centers in <a href="Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, <a href="Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NatAcad_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NatAcad-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and San Jose, California.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Chang died at a hospital in <a href="Worcester%2C_Massachusetts" title="Worcester, Massachusetts">Worcester, Massachusetts</a> on June 5, 1991, from <a href="Heart_failure" title="Heart failure">heart failure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon his death, he was buried in <a href="Shrewsbury%2C_Massachusetts" title="Shrewsbury, Massachusetts">Shrewsbury, Massachusetts</a>, where he had lived and where the <a href="Worcester_Foundation_for_Experimental_Biology" class="mw-redirect" title="Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology">Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology</a> was located.<sup id="cite_ref-NatAcad_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NatAcad-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Worcester_Foundation_for_Experimental_Biology">Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Worcester_Foundation_for_Experimental_Biology" class="mw-redirect" title="Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology">Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology</a></div>

<p>In March 1945, Chang arrived at the recently founded Worcester Foundation of Experimental Biology in <a href="Shrewsbury%2C_Massachusetts" title="Shrewsbury, Massachusetts">Shrewsbury</a>, Massachusetts, just outside <a href="Worcester%2C_Massachusetts" title="Worcester, Massachusetts">Worcester</a>, on a fellowship granted to him by <a href="Gregory_Pincus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregory Pincus">Gregory Pincus</a> to learn the technique of <a href="In_vitro_fertilization" class="mw-redirect" title="In vitro fertilization"><i>in vitro</i> fertilisation</a>. It was apparent that they worked well together and Chang would eventually spend the rest of his career at the foundation, researching mammalian fertilisation. Funds became increasingly available for research on reproduction from the 1950s, and the Foundation attracted a number of talented scientists. Chang guided and advised these scientists, may of whom would go on to become leaders in the field of reproduction. While at the Foundation Chang's work contributed to the development of the oral contraceptive, making him one of the co-founders of the <a href="Combined_oral_contraceptive_pill" title="Combined oral contraceptive pill">combined oral contraceptive pill</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NatAcad_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NatAcad-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Professional_achievements">Professional achievements</h2></div>

<p>One of Chang's notable achievements was his research and testing of the effectiveness of certain orally administered <a href="Steroid" title="Steroid">steroids</a> in the control of mammalian fertility. This led to his co-invention of the <a href="Combined_oral_contraceptive_pill" title="Combined oral contraceptive pill">first birth control pill</a> with <a href="Gregory_Pincus" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregory Pincus">Gregory Pincus</a>. Chang is arguably most remembered for this endeavor as the birth control pill came to have a tremendous influence on human society and the <a href="Sexual_revolution" title="Sexual revolution">sexual revolution</a>. However, controlling fertility was not the primary concentration of his work. Chang's interest lay in <a href="Spermatozoon" title="Spermatozoon">sperm</a>, <a href="Ovum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovum">eggs</a>, and the fertilisation process itself. The ability to control the fertility of eggs was a necessity to his work. He initiated the study of orally administered contraceptives for mammals to enable him to better conduct his research in fertilisation. Indeed, throughout the span of his 45-year career, only five years, 1951 to 1956, were spent researching and testing the effectiveness of orally administered contraceptives, and this work was mainly on the oral mode of the administration of the contraceptive steroids, rather than on the effectiveness of the steroids themselves, which had already been previously proven.<sup id="cite_ref-NatAcad_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NatAcad-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Chang's body of work in mammalian fertilisation is large and appears in nearly 350 publications. One of his major discoveries was the effect of lowering temperature on sperm. Chang found that at a temperature of 13 °C or lower, the membrane structure and function of sperm would disintegrate, thus destroying the fertilising capacity of the sperm. This phenomenon is now commonly known as <a href="Cold_shock" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold shock">cold shock</a>. Yet another of Chang's major discoveries was his observation on the relationship between the number of available sperm and the effective fertilisation of <a href="Ovum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovum">ova</a> by the sperm. It was believed that the fertilisation of the egg was dependent on there being a large number of available sperm in the fertilisation process. Chang found that it was actually the physiological structure of the individual sperm that affected the actual fertilisation of the egg, and that having a large number of sperm was not necessary. He then posited that the purpose of having a large number of sperm in the fertilisation process was to allow for greater <a href="Genetic_recombination" title="Genetic recombination">genetic recombination</a>, in that only the strongest sperm would reach the site of fertilisation through the <a href="Female_reproductive_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Female reproductive tract">female reproductive tract</a>. The process of <a href="Capacitation" title="Capacitation">capacitation</a>, the maturation period of sperm that is required in order for them to be able to fertilise ova, was also one of Chang's major discoveries. This observation would lead him further to find that capacitated sperm would lose capacitation if exposed to seminal plasma or blood serum, and that recapacitation could be achieved if the sperm was placed back in the <a href="Uterus" title="Uterus">uterus</a> or the <a href="Fallopian_tube" title="Fallopian tube">fallopian tubes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NatAcad_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NatAcad-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Of all his research and experimentation, Chang's work in <a href="In_vitro_fertilisation" title="In vitro fertilisation"><i>in vitro</i> fertilisation</a> was arguably his greatest achievement. In 1935, Gregory Pincus had claimed to have achieved successful mammal birth from the result of <i>in vitro</i> fertilisation of rabbit eggs. As nobody, including Chang, could repeat this feat at the time, doubts were cast over the authenticity of the claim. Then finally, in 1959, Chang <i>in vitro</i> fertilised a black rabbit's eggs with a black rabbit's sperm, transferred them to a white rabbit, and was able to produce a litter of young black rabbits. This was the sort of evidence attesting to the feasibility of <i>in vitro</i> fertilisation for which many scientists had been searching. In the years that followed, Chang and his associates conducted further research to determine specific conditions of successful <i>in vitro</i> fertilisation as well as to perform the technique on other mammals such as hamsters, mice, and rats. It was on the basis of Chang's findings that the first <i>in vitro</i> fertilisation of human eggs was performed, leading to the birth of the world's first "<a href="Test_tube_baby" class="mw-redirect" title="Test tube baby">test tube baby</a>" in 1978.<sup id="cite_ref-NatAcad_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NatAcad-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honours">Awards and honours</h2></div>

<ul><li><a href="Albert_Lasker_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert Lasker Award">Albert Lasker Award</a>, given by the <a href="Lasker_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Lasker Foundation">Lasker Foundation</a> and <a href="Planned_Parenthood" title="Planned Parenthood">Planned Parenthood</a> (1954)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Ortho Medal, given by the <a href="American_Fertility_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="American Fertility Society">American Fertility Society</a> (1961)<sup id="cite_ref-NatAcad_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NatAcad-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Carl G. Hartman Award, given by the <a href="Society_for_the_Study_of_Reproduction" title="Society for the Study of Reproduction">Society for the Study of Reproduction</a> (1970)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Francis Amory Prize, given by the <a href="American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> (1975)<sup id="cite_ref-NatAcad_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NatAcad-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Wippman Scientific Research Award, given by the <a href="Planned_Parenthood_Federation_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Planned Parenthood Federation of America">Planned Parenthood Federation of America</a> (1987)<sup id="cite_ref-NatAcad_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NatAcad-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>

<li>Elected membership to the <a href="United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a> (1990)<sup id="cite_ref-NatAcad_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NatAcad-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zhào Zhì Zhōng (赵志忠), ed. (2004) <i>Father of the Test Tube Baby: Chang Min Chueh</i> (试管婴儿之父: 张民觉). Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China: Yuanfang Publishing House, page 37 [in Chinese]. Geographic coordinates of Dunhòu: 38°9′50″North, 111°26′38″East</span>

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<li id="cite_note-NatAcad-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NatAcad_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NatAcad_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NatAcad_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NatAcad_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NatAcad_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NatAcad_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NatAcad_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NatAcad_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NatAcad_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NatAcad_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NatAcad_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NatAcad_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NatAcad_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nap.edu/read/4990/chapter/4">Biographical Memoir of Min Chueh Chang</a>, National Academy of Science. Retrieved on March 24, 2021.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Cambridge University List of Members 1976</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anthropology.sbc.edu/faculty.html">Anthropology Program Faculty</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060615054714/http://www.anthropology.sbc.edu/faculty.html">Archived</a> June 15, 2006, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Sweet Briar College. Retrieved on February 25, 2007.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mindfully.org/Sustainability/2003/Eco-Clean-HomesMar03.htm">Article "Eco-Clean Homes" by Pamela O'Malley Chang</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060427071419/http://www.mindfully.org/Sustainability/2003/Eco-Clean-HomesMar03.htm">Archived</a> April 27, 2006, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Mindfully.org, Spring 2003. Retrieved on February 25, 2007.</span>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180322232037/http://aaci.org/main/about/management-team/">"Management Team - Asian Americans for Community Involvement"</a>. <i>aaci.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aaci.org/main/about/management-team/">the original</a> on March 22, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 28,</span> 2016</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFNarvaez1991" class="citation web cs1">Narvaez, Alfonso A. (June 7, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/07/obituaries/mc-chang-scientist-dies-at-82-a-developer-of-birth-control-pill.html">"M.C. Chang, Scientist, Dies at 82; A Developer of Birth-Control Pill"</a>. The New York Times<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 25,</span> 2025</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.laskerfoundation.org/awards/show/historical-awards/#PlannedParenthood">List of recipients, Albert Lasker Awards Given by Planned Parenthood – World Population</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061013130909/http://www.laskerfoundation.org/awards/other.html">Archived</a> October 13, 2006, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Lasker Foundation. Retrieved on February 25, 2007</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ssr.org/HartmanAward.html">List of recipients, Carl G. Hartman Award</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070804043807/http://www.ssr.org/HartmanAward.html">Archived</a> August 4, 2007, at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Society for the Study of Reproduction. Retrieved on February 25, 2007</span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=3906690&dopt=Abstract">Chang, Min Chueh, "Recollections of 40 years at the Worcester Foundation for Experimental Biology"</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/chang-m-c.pdf">Roy O. Greep, "Min Chueh Chang", Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences (1995)</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eventos.um.es/event_detail/1447/detail/symposium-tribute-to-min-chueh-chang-and-his-disciples.-13-14-november-2014.-murcia-spain.html">Symposium Tribute to Min-Chueh Chang and his disciples. 13-14 November 2014. Murcia (Spain)</a></li></ul>

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